References

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-radiation-basics

EPA introduction to ionizing radiation concepts, exposure pathways, and how environmental programs frame dose and risk at a high level.

Topics: epa, basics, general

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-radiation-sources-doses

EPA overview of natural and human-made radiation sources and typical dose comparisons—useful context when interpreting screening or environmental questions.

Topics: epa, basics, general

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-radon-action-level

Explains EPA’s 4 pCi/L action level for indoor radon and how it fits into testing and mitigation decisions—not a regulatory limit for all buildings nationwide.

Topics: epa, radon, homes

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-pag

EPA hub for radiological incident PAGs and the PAG Manual—dose guidelines that support planning for sheltering, evacuation, food controls, and related protective actions during large emergencies.

Topics: epa, emergency, preparedness, limits

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-nmrp-160-medicine-faq

EPA patient-oriented FAQ that cites National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report No. 160 for typical medical effective doses and background comparisons.

Topics: epa, medical, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

id: cdc-radiation-emergencies

CDC hub for radiation emergency types and links to response steps such as get inside, stay inside, and stay tuned—paired with local official instructions.

Topics: cdc, emergency, preparedness

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

id: cdc-radiation-self-decon

CDC guidance on removing outer clothing, washing skin, and reducing spread of possible radioactive dust—intended for emergency education, not routine clinical decontamination protocols.

Topics: cdc, emergency, preparedness

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

International Commission on Radiological Protection

id: icrp-publication-103

Foundational recommendations on the system of radiological protection, quantities, and the international framework that many national programs align with or cite.

Topics: icrp, limits, basics, international

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

International Commission on Radiological Protection

id: icrp-publication-118

ICRP guidance on tissue reactions (deterministic injury) and related dose thresholds—complements stochastic cancer-risk discussions in other references.

Topics: icrp, health, international

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

id: nrc-10-cfr-20

Codified U.S. NRC standards for occupational and public dose limits, ALARA, surveys, and related requirements for NRC licensees.

Topics: nrc, regulatory, limits, occupational

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

id: osha-ionizing-radiation

OSHA ionizing radiation standard for general industry: exposure limits, surveys, labeling, and worker protection expectations where OSHA has jurisdiction.

Topics: osha, regulatory, occupational, limits

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-radon

National radon program: testing, mitigation standards, and risk reduction guidance.

Topics: epa, radon, homes, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

World Health Organization

id: who-radon

International summary of radon exposure, lung cancer prevention, and reference levels used in different countries.

Topics: who, radon, health, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

id: cdc-radiation

CDC radiation studies landing page: environmental health context, emergency resources, and links to specialized radiation emergency content.

Topics: cdc, emergency, general, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

id: nrc-public

NRC public page on radiation protection principles for licensed activities—dose limits, ALARA, time/distance/shielding, and how the NRC’s system fits together at a readable level.

Topics: nrc, general, limits, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging

id: image-gently

Resources to reduce unnecessary pediatric radiation exposure in medical imaging.

Topics: medical, pediatrics, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

World Health Organization

id: who-radiation

Overview of ionizing versus non-ionizing radiation, exposure sources, and WHO programmes.

Topics: who, general, health, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

World Health Organization

id: who-ionizing-health

Fact sheet on dose and dose rate, stochastic versus deterministic effects, acute radiation syndrome thresholds, and population cancer risk evidence at higher doses.

Topics: who, health, basics, general

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

National Cancer Institute

id: nci-radiation-cancer

Patient-oriented overview of ionizing radiation as a cancer risk factor, sources of exposure, and why risk language differs from certainty.

Topics: nih, health, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

id: cdc-ars

Public fact sheet on ARS after very high radiation doses—symptom patterns are described for awareness and emergency preparedness, not self-diagnosis.

Topics: cdc, health, emergency, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

id: ready-gov

Preparedness messaging aligned with U.S. all-hazards planning.

Topics: dhs, emergency, screening

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

id: ready-radiation

General public steps during radiation emergencies, including sheltering and listening for official updates.

Topics: dhs, emergency, screening

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

id: ready-rdd

High-level guidance if a radiological dispersal device is suspected or confirmed—follow local officials.

Topics: dhs, emergency, screening

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

id: epa-radiation

EPA radiation program landing page: environmental pathways, federal guidance series context, and links to PAGs and basic science pages.

Topics: epa, emergency, general, screening

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

id: fda-radiation-products

FDA hub for medical and consumer products that emit radiation, including reporting, safety programs, and imaging-related guidance.

Topics: fda, basics, medical, regulatory

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

id: fda-medical-xray-imaging

Patient-oriented overview of justification, optimization (ALARA), and when clinically appropriate X-ray imaging (including CT and fluoroscopy) is expected to outweigh small radiation risks.

Topics: fda, medical, basics

Last reviewed (library): 2026-05-02